Fungal volatile organic compounds: A review with emphasis on their biotechnological potential

Fungi produce various mixtures of gas-phase, carbon-based compounds called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that due to their small size are able to diffuse through the atmosphere and soils. Despite some methodological and technological constraints, researchers have detected and characterized approximately 250 fungal VOCs, many of which have characteristic odors and are produced during primary and secondary metabolism. Fungal VOCs may contribute to a controversial medical diagnosis called “sick building syndrome” and may also be important in the success of some biocontrol species of Trichoderma. VOCs also play important signaling roles for fungi in their natural environments. Many ecological interactions are mediated by VOCs, including those between fungi and plants, arthropods, bacteria, and other fungi. The diverse functions of fungal VOCs can be developed for use in biotechnological applications for biofuel, biocontrol, and mycofumigation. Volatiles represent a new frontier in bioprospecting, and the study of these gas-phase compounds promises the discovery of new products for human exploitation and will generate new hypotheses in fundamental biology. a 2012 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.